NUP98-PHF23 recognizes the H3K4me3 mark through its PHD finger domain and maintains the characteristics of the mark, promoting the overexpression of a series of leukemia-related genes (such as the HOXA cluster and MEIS1), which in turn leads to the abnormal differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and the occurrence of leukemia (Wang et al., 2009; Gough et al., 2014; Katoh, 2015; Gough et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2020; Hamamoto et al., 2025). Here, MEIS1 is linked to leukemia.