NUP98-PHF23 drives leukemogenesis by aberrantly upregulating leukemia-associated genes (e.g., HOXA cluster and MEIS1), resulting in impaired hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and leukemic transformation (Gough et al., 2014; Katoh, 2015; Zhang et al., 2020; Hamamoto et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene MEIS1 and leukemia.