IL1B and Sepsis: In the context of sepsis, ECs are among the earliest cellular targets activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and a range of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) (12).