Subsequent release of pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) further amplifies immune cell activation, resulting in a hyperinflammatory state or “cytokine storm.” This cytokine storm is characterized by elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IP-10, and CCL2, which exacerbate tissue injury, severe lung inflammation, and predispose patients to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic organ dysfunction (88–90). Here, IL1B is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.