TNF and infection: PRRs recognise the viral pathogen–associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); thereafter, they activate inflammatory pathways which induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as well as chemokines [10], which recruit more innate immune cells including phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to the site of infection [2].