Four of the latter also reached P < 0.05 in 2SMR analyses (PILRA, for stroke and dementia, and BT2A1, BT3A2 and IL-6 for stroke), while 7 were significant only in observational analyses (5 for stroke: ARSB, COCH, EPO, PPAC and PRSS8; 3 for dementia: AP4A, PRSS8 and tenascin; Fig. 4c and Supplementary Tables 20 and 23). The gene discussed is COCH; the disease is dementia.