We discovered a gene regulatory network (GRN) in BO and OAC centred on the crucial developmental transcription factors (TFs) hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) and GATA-binding protein 6 (GATA6), neither of which are ordinarily expressed in the adult oesophagus (Rogerson et al., 2019). Here, HNF4A is linked to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.