JUN and mastitis: 2022). Chromatin‐level assays such as ChIP‐seq or ATAC‐seq could then map STAT5A and ETS/AP‐1 binding at buffalo milk‐protein and MAPK loci (A. Wang et al. 2024, Liu et al. 2025). Finally, buffalo or MEC models should be exposed to heat, oxidative stress or inflammatory challenges to see whether pathway variation predicts milk output or resilience against mastitis (Perez‐Hernandez et al. 2024).