TNF and Other metabolic disease: From a modern medical standpoint, these shared processes may include (1) immune regulation, such as increasing CD4+ T-cell counts, modulating the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and enhancing NK cell activity to promote immune reconstruction (107); (2) control of chronic immune activation and inflammation, by downregulating key proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) to mitigate persistent immune damage (108); (3) amelioration of metabolic disorders and oxidative stress, thereby alleviating ART-related side effects such as hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia (109).