UGP2 and diabetic retinopathy: Additionally, a disease–gene association circos plot generated using RAW Graphs 2.0 (Figure 3d) showed tight linkage of hub DEGs such as DAPK2, DUSP3, IL6R, and UGP2 to cardiovascular comorbidities, including heart failure, diabetic retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension.