Neutrophil depletion studies in mice show modest anti-tumor effects, while TGF-β blockade via the TGF-β receptor inhibitor SM16 promotes accumulation of anti-tumor N1 neutrophils; subsequent neutrophil depletion under these conditions then accelerates tumor growth, highlighting their context-dependent role (Patel et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.