INS and hepatocellular carcinoma: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest research on MASLD-related HCC, emphasizing disturbances in glucose metabolism (such as disrupted hepatic insulin signaling, key enzymes like G6Pase and PK, and miRNAs such as miR-22-3p that induce Warburg effects), lipid imbalances (for example, upregulation of FASN/ACC and downregulation of PPARα targets like CPT1A), and the crosstalk between various pathways (including mTORC1, AMPK/ACC, FXR, and NF-κB/JNK).