Finally, we identified key mediators, including “CD25 on CD24+ CD27+ B cell” (mediation proportion: 12.9%), “HLA DR+ T cell%lymphocyte” (mediation proportion: 12.1%), and B_NGF (mediation proportion: 24.9%), which mediate the causal associations between IGP11 and GD, IGP59 and AT, and IGP59 and autoimmune hyperthyroidism, respectively (Fig. 6). Here, CD27 is linked to Graves disease.