TGFB1 and prostate neoplasm: They exert their effects on PCa cells through both paracrine signaling and direct cell–cell interactions.[17] CAFs secrete key factors, such as TGF-β, FGF, and HGF, which have been identified to promote prostate tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.[18–20] Concurrently, these factors can shape the surrounding TME by facilitating angiogenesis and modulating the immune landscape in a manner that often favors tumor evasion from immune surveillance.