Similarly, upon anti-PD-1 and chemoradiotherapy, a higher proportion of on-treatment PD-1+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within 100 μm of tumour cells predicts longer overall survival in oesophageal cancer7, while, in locally advanced cervical cancer, progression-free patients show closer proximity of CD3+ TILs to PD-L1+ tumour cells8. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cervical cancer.