The generation of precursor metabolites and energy pathway (GO:0006091) and proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis pathway (GO:0015986) and related genes (UCP2, COX5B, SMDT1, MCUB, ATP synthase genes: ATP5F1C, ATP5MF, ATP5MC3, and NADH dehydrogenase/complex I genes: NDUFA7, NDUFS5, and NDUFA3) were also enriched in Stage 1 T1D memory B cells compared to healthy controls (Fig. 3B). Here, ATP5MF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.