Results were further analyzed by the following categories of cases: (1) PSA screening recommended; (2) PSA screening not recommended; (3) follow-up of a normal PSA reading; (4) management or follow-up of an elevated PSA reading; and (5) others, including likely spuriously elevated PSA readings from concurrent urinary tract infections, elevated PSA readings in patients with significant comorbidity in whom further or repeat testing would be unlikely to be beneficial, and normal PSA readings in patients with an abnormal digital rectal examination. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is urinary tract infection.