The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines TNFα, IL-6, CXCL5 and CX3CL1 were increased in the brains of patients with PD/DLB compared with normal subjects (Fig. 8f, g, j, k), although levels of IL-1β and CCL5 were not (Fig. 8h, i). The gene discussed is CX3CL1; the disease is Parkinson disease.