The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines TNFα, IL-6, CXCL5 and CX3CL1 were increased in the brains of patients with PD/DLB compared with normal subjects (Fig. 8f, g, j, k), although levels of IL-1β and CCL5 were not (Fig. 8h, i). This evidence concerns the gene CX3CL1 and Lewy body dementia.