CYP1A1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In our analysis of human liver transcriptomic data, we observed a marked downregulation of AhR-associated genes in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and cirrhosis compared with healthy controls, particularly those involved in xenobiotic metabolism, including phase I (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2) and phase II (UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT2B4, GSTA1, GSTA2, GSTM3 and GSTZ1) detoxification enzymes (Fig. 1a).