- Both conditions exhibit elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), contributing to chronic inflammation and tissue damage [185]- COPD-related oxidative stress (elevated serum 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine) may exacerbate MS pathology, leading to increased inflammation [185].- NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of both diseases, contributing to inflammation and demyelination in MS, and lung damage in COPD. [193]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.