TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: - Respiratory infections in COPD may trigger an autoimmune response through molecular mimicry, similar to GBS. [185]- Chronic respiratory infections can activate the immune system, leading to increased cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), involved in both GBS and COPD. [183]- Both COPD and GBS show elevated immune complexes and antibodies that contribute to autoimmunity and tissue damage. [183,184]