The findings related to TLS function and TCF1+ CD4+ T cell fate have clear implications for future treatment options for allergic diseases but also extends to other disease models driven by CD4+ T cells where TLS are present, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, 20–22, 51), autoimmune vasculitis (19), atherosclerosis (52), and inflammatory skin conditions (53). Here, TCF7 is linked to atherosclerosis.