The findings related to TLS function and TCF1+ CD4+ T cell fate have clear implications for future treatment options for allergic diseases but also extends to other disease models driven by CD4+ T cells where TLS are present, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, 20–22, 51), autoimmune vasculitis (19), atherosclerosis (52), and inflammatory skin conditions (53). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and allergic disease.