PRF1 and neoplasm: Addition to this immunostimulatory role, Zhang et al. demonstrated NExos possess inherent cytotoxic properties capable of inducing apoptosis in tumor cells via caspase activation and delivery of effector molecules such as FasL and perforin.[285] Furthermore, bioengineered NExos with SPIONs enable magnetic targeting and enhanced tumor accumulation, improving their therapeutic precision and efficacy.