We constructed two PRSs for overall lung cancer: (a) a GWAS-significant PRS based on ILCCO variants with p < 5 × 10−8 (3,736 SNPs), and (b) a two-way replication PRS constructed from variants significant in both ILCCO and MVP (478 SNPs) by PRSice [31] (see Methods). Here, MVP is linked to lung cancer.