Dysregulated BA profiles are linked to metabolic disorders including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, and atherosclerosis (16, 17), with reciprocal crosstalk between inflammation and BA synthesis (e.g., IL-1β-mediated suppression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1)) (18, 19). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and metabolic disease.