The resulting 12 spatial neighborhoods included 2 tumor-enriched regions (one composed of 94% tumor cells and another containing a mix of tumor, stromal, and immune cells, representing tumor-TME interactions), 4 single-cell dominant regions (enriched for B cells, CD4 T- cells, plasma cells and fibroblasts), and 6 mixed-cell neighborhoods enriched for endothelial, PPSC, stromal, or immune cells (T- cells, macrophages and granulocytes) (Fig. 4A). Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.