A total of four different lung cancer cells—H1299, H460, A549 and H358 cells—were seeded, incubated to stabilize tumor spheroids for 48 h and treated with vehicle or 10 μM PYCR1-IN-1, following treatments of vehicle, TLR agonist or EGF, as illustrated in Fig. 8a. Here, PYCR1 is linked to lung carcinoma.