Our results of elevated BAX, BAX/BCL2 ratio and caspase-3 expression levels and lowered BCL2 expression levels were observed in AlCl3-exposed rats, indicating neuronal apoptosis and aligned with Justin-Thenmozhi et al.46 and Ekundayo et al.94 On contrast, CV or CV-LN supplementation has been demonstrated to increase BCL2 and decrease caspase-3, BAX expression levels and BAX/BCL2 ratio as compared to AlCl3-induced AD-like group (Fig. 4), hence supporting its anti-apoptotic function. Here, CASP3 is linked to Alzheimer disease.