TNF and cystic fibrosis: Our results revealed that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly higher in CF children (11.45 ± 0.91 and 129.97 ± 16.05, respectively) compared to non-CF children (5.95 ± 0.44 and 47.31 ± 20.38, respectively), with both differences being statistically significant (p < 0.001).