Consistent with our observations in primary BM (Fig. 5C,E-F, Supplementary Fig. 9A), MDS HSPCs did not induce inflammatory programs in stromal cells (Supplementary Fig. 9B), and HSPC intrinsic expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, CXCL8, and various interferons were even lower in MDS compared to healthy HSPCs (Supplementary Fig. 9B). Here, IL1B is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.