TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: GSEA comparing iMSCs from MDS versus CHIP revealed upregulation of stress and inflammatory pathways in MDS, including UV response, apoptosis, mTORC1 signaling, and TNFα signaling via NF-κB (Supplementary Fig. 7E), indicating MDS-iMSCs have heightened inflammatory activation in comparison to CHIPiMSCs.