To functionally investigate how mutated HSPCs influence stromal cells, we established a co-culture system using primary BM-derived MSCs and CD34+ HSPCs isolated from BM aspirates from donors of each group (Control, CHIP, MDS, n = 3/condition, all from the study cohort) (Fig. 5G, Supplementary Fig. 9A). This evidence concerns the gene CD34 and myelodysplastic syndrome.