Notably, stratification by clone size further revealed that CHIP donors with VAF ≥ 5%, primarily carrying DNMT3A mutations clustered more closely to MDS in the PCA (Supplementary Fig. 2F) and showed increased expression of inflammatory and proliferative markers compared to CHIP/Control donors with VAF < 5% (Supplementary Fig. 2G). Here, DNMT3A is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.