CD38 and myelodysplastic syndrome: We focused on three key compartments of the BM: non-hematopoietic stromal fraction (negative gating strategy: CD45-CD235a-CD71-CD14-CD38-), HSPCs (CD45+CD34+CD235a-CD71-CD14-), and T cells (CD45+CD3+), while minimizing the contamination by erythroid and other immature cells including MDS-RS (Supplementary Fig. 3A).