The upregulated genes were most enriched in hormone metabolic processes and cholesterol biosynthetic processes, and the expression of several critical PCOS genes, such as CYP17A1, CYP11A1, CPZ and PADI3, was dramatically increased in nPKM2 cells (Fig. 4i, j and Supplementary Fig. 8a), indicating that nuclear PKM2 can induce PCOS-like transcriptome shifts in cells. Here, CYP11A1 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.