At the molecular level, transcription factors such as STAT1, CEBPB, HIF1A, and REL, collectively drive MDSCs expansion, while chemokines like CCL3, CCL4, CCL8 and IL1B regulate their migration within the tumor microenvironment [[30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]]. Here, CCL4 is linked to neoplasm.