Pharmacological activation of Nrf2 using dihydroquercetin, Thesium chinense Turcz., Shenqi Tiaoshen formula, acacetin, sulforaphane, or sodium pyruvate restores SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression, replenishes GSH, reduces lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting against CS-induced ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo models of COPD [15,84,85,[115], [116], [117]]. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to Cowden syndrome 1.