In the non-DKD group (Fig 4C), ALD and REN exhibited positive correlations with FBG (r = 0.368 and 0.545), CP (r = 0.373 and 0.347), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.437 and 0.453), while REN displayed a negative correlation with UACR (r = −0.257). This evidence concerns the gene CP and diabetic kidney disease.