CLDN4 and gastric cancer: 2018). These structures preserve the genomic stability and tumour heterogeneity of their tissue of origin, making them invaluable tools for disease modelling, drug response evaluation, and personalised treatment development (Pang et al. 2021). In this study, we designed a novel sEV–peptide conjugate termed NK‐sEV‐SpoVM‐c‐CPEQ317I (NESC), composed of NK‐92MI cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles and a mutant CLDN4‐targeting peptide (SpoVM‐c‐CPEQ317I), for selective targeting of GC cells overexpressing CLDN4.