CA9 and neoplasm: The following biomarkers were chosen based on their association with tumorigenesis and tumor progression: p53 expression status, TROP 2 (tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2), PD-L1 (Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1), CAIX (Hypoxia-regulated carbonic anhydrase IX), and MSI (microsatellite instability).