Cox regression analysis was conducted to assess how these factors impact survival.<h4>Results</h4>Factors that were independently associated with age above 65 years included: higher diabetes onset age, higher pulse pressure, lower mean arterial pressure, absence of current smoking and diabetic kidney disease, history of severe diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular events, lower daily insulin dose, lower HbA<sub>1c</sub>, and lowerApoB-100 concentrations. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetic retinopathy.