ATF3 and Intraventricular hemorrhage: The limitations are that: (1) only cases diagnosed with supratentorial intraparenchymal bleeding were inclusive in the present study, and thus, whether serum ATF3 embodies similar prognostic value in primary intraventricular hemorrhage or subtentorial bleeding needs to be further verified; and (2) according to statistics, a sufficient sample size was calculated here for carrying out this clinical cohort study; nonetheless, it is paramount of repetitive validation of the results in larger cohort studies ahead of generalization.