Chronic exposure to high levels of air pollution was associated with the presence of neuropathological markers linked to AD (hyperphosphorylated tau [pTau] and amyloid β 42 [Aβ42], ), PD (α-syn and Lewy neurites), and ALS (TAR DNA-binding protein 43 [TDP-43]) in the olfactory bulbs and other regions of the CNS - even in toddlers [155–157]. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is Alzheimer disease.