TARDBP and proteostasis deficiencies: In one of the aforementioned studies from Mexico City, quadruple proteinopathy (the simultaneous presence of pTau, Aβ42, α-syn, and TDP-43) was observed alongside a high concentration of exogenous, heavy metal-rich nanoparticles, including those containing iron or aluminium. These findings suggest common pathogenic pathways underlying neurodegenerative diseases and point to a potential role of heavy metals in contribution to proteinopathy initiation from early childhood [155].