TNF and Parkinson disease: Netrin‐1 has been proposed to modulate the transcription factor C/EBPβ, which regulates the expression of key proinflammatory mediators including IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and NF‐κB, thereby implicating Netrin‐1 in the suppression of neuroinflammatory signaling pathways relevant to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis [24, 25, 26, 27, 28].