NOD2 and infection: Similar observations were made for NOD2, not only with corneal epithelial cells (Xu et al, 2012; Wu et al, 2015), but also in A549 lung epithelial cells, THP-1 monocyte (Zhang et al, 2008), and RAW264 macrophage cell lines (Li et al, 2012), where infection with A. fumigatus conidia led to increased expression of NOD2 and cytokine release.