ZUP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: At submicromolar concentrations, it selectively perturbs redox homeostasis via inhibiting TXNRD1 [25], while high-dose (~5 μM) AUR concurrently impairs proteasomal deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, inducing dual proteotoxic and oxidative stress that drives HCC cell death [17, 26, 27].