Moreover, after normalization to the corresponding non-coculture group to eliminate the tumor intrinsic effects of FAM114A1, the FAM114A1-KD group still presented fewer viable tumor cells upon immune cell challenge (Supplementary Fig. 13a, right panel), suggesting that, in addition to its intrinsic role in tumors, FAM114A1-mediated immune suppression plays a pivotal role in breast cancer progression. Here, FAM114A1 is linked to breast cancer.