Upon ICB treatment, many patients develop diverse mechanisms that lead to resistance.65 Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that biomolecules aggregate into condensates to promote pathological processes, including resistance to cancer immunotherapy.11,13,14 Here, we found that E2F4 assembled into liquid-like droplets in the cytoplasm, which impaired its nuclear translocation and subsequent MTDH expression and suppressed antigen presentation (Figs. 5 and 6). Here, E2F4 is linked to cancer.