Some studies reported the level of MSMB in benign prostate tissues or BPH was significantly elevated and decreased or lost in PCa (Luebke et al., 2019; Nam et al., 2006; Whitaker et al., 2010); however, others paradoxically observed that the decreased expression of MSMB was both in the tumor (especially in more advanced tumor) and adjacent benign prostate tissue (Bergström et al., 2018). Here, MSMB is linked to medical procedure.