However, the specificity and sensitivity of PSA as a diagnostic tool have been questioned due to its elevation in benign conditions such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), leading to unnecessary biopsies and substantial overdiagnosis (Gudmundsson et al., 2018; Ilic et al., 2018; Kalavacherla et al., 2023). Here, KLK3 is linked to urogenital neoplasm.