Hypoxia is a critical factor within the TME, with cancer cell hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) initiating the activation of several factors to commence the angiogenic process (67), This includes the principal angiogenic ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its corresponding receptors, such as VEGFR2, to adapt to hypoxic conditions. Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.