These mitochondria-targeting strategies can also enhance tumor immunity through multiple mechanisms: targeting metabolic pathways (e.g., inhibiting key glycolytic enzymes such as GLUT1 and HK2, or modulating OXPHOS to reverse the Warburg effect; targeting mtROS to trigger ICD; targeting autophagy; combining immune checkpoint therapy to downregulate PD-1 expression; improving CAR-T cell therapy; and targeting mtDNA to induce their oxidative release and activate the cGAS-STING pathway, thereby promoting the infiltration of anti-tumor immune cells). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.