LEP and periodontal disorder: 1. Modulates bone metabolism within periodontal tissues through both neural regulation and direct influence on alveolar bone remodeling.2. Activates peripheral blood B cells, promoting the secretion of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, inducing phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3, thereby affecting periodontal immune homeostasis.3. Promotes ECM degradation in periodontal tissues.4. Altered oral microbiome composition can impact both periodontal disease and systemic conditions through the leptin signaling pathway.