Researchers have highlighted that biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), peripheral blood indices including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), circulating tumor DNA, and gut microbiota are not only predictive of ICI efficacy but also associated with immune-related toxicities (37). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.