For example, exosomes from macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain bacterial proteins that can activate immune responses (34, 91–93), In Salmonella enterica infection, exosomes transport bacterial components that modulate host signaling (35, 94), while in Listeria monocytogenes infection, they can even carry bacterial DNA capable of activating the cGAS-STING pathway, a spotent trigger of innate immunity (95, 96). This evidence concerns the gene CGAS and listeriosis.