For example, in the context of DM, several works suggest that loss of Wolframin protein (Wfs1) in murine pancreatic β-cells causes ER stress-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent apoptosis by means of upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1β (35, 37, 38). Here, IL1B is linked to diabetes mellitus.