TNF and magnesium deficiency: Magnesium’s anti-inflammatory mechanisms operate at three levels: molecularly, magnesium curtails NF-κB cascade initiation (37), whereas magnesium deficiency promotes NF-κB nuclear translocation, increasing transcription and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6; at the organelle level, magnesium regulates NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome assembly and activation.