In addition to CRC, different subspecies of Fn have also been associated with changes in host gene expression and signaling pathways involved in the manifestation of oral disease conditions like periodontitis, plaque formation, and oral cancer (Chen et al., 2022; Ponath et al., 2022; Galaski et al., 2024; Wolf et al., 2025). The gene discussed is FN1; the disease is lip and oral cavity carcinoma.